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Economists
define a bubble as a large increment of a stock's price that is
present only because that price is expected to be even higher
tomorrow without any sound fundamental reason. In other words,
there is a bubble if a price is bolstered by the 'Greater Fool
Theory', which is the practice of buying a stock at a foolish
price on the belief you can soon find a Greater Fool to sell to
at an even more foolish price. Suppose investors were well aware
that certain stocks could not possibly achieve earnings high enough
to justify current valuations, but those investors were nonetheless
convinced that other investors would pay higher prices anyway.
Then, we could safely say that there was a bubble.
So,
stocks are not only priced on their earnings - They are priced
on what investors believe they can sell them for. When everybody
is in the market already, the last ones have bought high, who
will buy from them?
Message
Board Fools are a fundamental part of the bubble economy,... the
fertilizer, if you will. It is the mission of the Message Board
Fool to convince otherwise clear-thinking individuals to invest
their retirement funds on companies with no earnings and no prospects
for earnings. In this environment, news of increasing revenues
is greeted with thunderous applause by 'investors' even though
a company may be losing money on every sale. It's easy to increase
revenues if you're in the business of selling figurative dollar
bills for .95¢
Some
'new economy' companies know very well they cannot be profitable
(or at least profitable enough to justify their current valuations)
and devise other valuation methods to justify their marketcap.
The Internet sector is infamous for creating a false sense of
value in tracking 'unique monthly visitors', 'page views', 'stickiness'
and 'economic enterprise value'. This can be a valid way of comparing
performance of companies within a sector, but it is meaningless
in creating profitability.
A
bubble economy cannot continue forever. Eventually, you have to
at least pretend that you're interested in making money. But when
high-tech companies start to act like 'old-economy' companies
their stocks start to tumble. Once you start to play by the traditional
rules, you can't expect the stock market to carry you anymore.
Suddenly, you have to show some income. When you have no cash
flow, you don't need a price-to-earnings ratio. But once you have
some income which can be analyzed, you can't pull that off anymore.
You go from being a 'prospect' to running a real business. The
subscribers to the 'Greater Fool Theory' don't like that. It was
easier to fool people when it was smoke and mirrors, and valuations
were squishy with no historical comparisons from which to judge.
When
you buy a shares of stock, you are purchasing a stake in a portion
of the company's assets - tables, chairs, buildings, employees,
inventory, etc. A company's stock price normally reflects the
market's expectation of the future income the corporation can
produce with these assets. Many high-tech companies have a market
capitalization of billions of dollars, but hardly have any tangible
assets, revenue or of course, profits.
The current stock market craze is reminiscent of the Dutch tulip
madness of the seventeenth century - Hardy tulips originated from
the Middle East and first found their way into Europe during the
late 1600's. Over the ensuing years they became a status symbol,
especially in the Netherlands. Anyone who was anyone had to own
tulips. Soon any old tulip would not do. The stranger the petals,
the more valuable the tulips became. As demand increased so did
the price. People began to remortgage their houses just to buy
a few bulbs. The more the price increased the more the people
bought. Theft and fraud became commonplace as the tulips became
more and more valuable. At one point tulip prices were doubling
almost every day. People genuinely believed that this could go
on and on making them richer and richer,... 'The Greater Fool
Theory'. By 1634 tulip trading had become the only business in
Holland. Nothing else mattered. Something had to give. When the
demand ran out, prices plummeted. Rich people became poor overnight.
The Dutch economy totally collapsed, resulting in the loss of
its empire to the British and French, who during the same time
had been busy building armies.
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